For Keiretsu we have terms and definitions in 7 topics. The topics are Customs, Finance, Global History, International Business, International Economics, Shipping and Supply Chain.

Keiretsu (Customs)

Japanese keiretsu in the late 20th century are descendants of the pre-war zaibatsu, which were characterized by close, long-term business relationships between its members. Keiretsu firms are linked to one another through a network of formal and informal ties including cross shareholdings, time honored buyer-supplier arrangements, interlocking corporate directorates, interchange of personnel between member firms, and the sharing of information concerning product development and distribution. While keiretsu do have some positive aspects such as cost reduction and quality control, stemming from long-term relationships, their collusive and exclusionary nature act as an impediment to foreign market access. Keiretsu typically include a bank, trading company, manufacturing firms and often an insurance company.
See also: Codes of Conduct, Industry Policy, Managed Trade, Market Access, Restricted Business Practice,

Keiretsu (Finance)

A network of Japanese companies organized around a major bank.

Keiretsu (Global History)

Alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy. (p. 861)

Keiretsu (International Business)

Collaborative groups of vertically and horizontally integrated firms with extensive share cross-holdings and with a major Japanese bank or corporation at the center.

Keiretsu (International Economics)

A group, or network, of manufacturing and other companies in Japan, usually centered around a bank and including a trading company. Keiretsus are characterized by cross-ownership of shares, strategic coordination, and preference for transactions within the network.

Keiretsu (Shipping)

Keiretsu refers to the horizontally and vertically linked industrial structure of post-war Japan. The horizontally linked groups include a broad range of industries linked via banks and general trading firms. There are eight major industrial groups, sometimes referred to as "Kigyo Shudan": Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo, Fuyo, DKB, Sanwa, Tokai, and IBJ. The vertically linked groups (such as Toyota, Matshushita, and Sony) are centered around parent companies, with subsidiaries frequently serving as suppliers, distributors, and retail outlets. Common characteristics among the groups include crossholding of company shares, intra-group financing, joint investment, mutual appointment of officers, and other joint business activities. The keiretsu system emphasizes mutual cooperation and protects affiliates from mergers and acquisitions. Ties within groups became looser after the oil shocks of the 1970s as a result of decreasing dependence on banks for capital.

Keiretsu (Supply Chain)

A form of cooperative relationship among companies in Japan where the companies largely remain legally and economically independent, even though they work closely in various ways, such as sole sourcing and financial backing. A member of a keiretsu generally owns a limited amount of stock in other member companies. A keiretsu generally forms around a bank and a trading company but distribution (supply chain) keiretsus exist, linking companies from raw material suppliers to retailers.
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